Kanda 1

Kamsa and the voice from the sky

A man was told not the date of his death, but its condition

A brother driving the chariot

Mathura was covered in flowers that day. Devaki had been married to Vasudeva, and Kamsa himself was driving the chariot that carried his sister away to her new home — the reins in his own hands, happy to play the affectionate brother. People leaned down from the rooftops to watch. Flowers were being crushed under the wheels, and their scent filled the air.

Devaki was laughing. Every so often Kamsa would turn and say something to her, and she would laugh harder.

Then a voice came from the sky — deep and bodiless — and the entire crowd fell silent.

"Fool! The eighth son of the very girl whose chariot you are driving with such delight will be your end."

The reins slipped out of Kamsa's hands. The horses stopped on their own.

A sword, and a bargain

The next moment he jumped down from the chariot. He grabbed his sister by the hair with one hand and drew his sword with the other. His reasoning was brutally simple: if Devaki died, there could be no eighth son.

Devaki's scream stuck in her throat. The wedding party froze; nobody had the courage to step forward.

Vasudeva stepped in between. He did not plead or beg for mercy. He offered Kamsa a bargain.

"The danger to you is not from Devaki, Kamsa — it is from her sons. So I will give you the sons. Every child, the moment it is born, I will carry from my own hands into yours. That is my word."

Kamsa stopped. For Kamsa, it was convenient: the threat could be dealt with without the stain of murdering his own sister. He lowered the sword.

Before long Vasudeva and Devaki were put in prison, and every child Vasudeva had to carry from there into Kamsa's hands.

Six times, the same door

The first son was born. Vasudeva kept his word — lifted the newborn, walked the length of the prison corridor to Kamsa's chamber, and placed the child in his hands. Kamsa killed him there.

Then the second. Then the third.

Every time it was the same. The same door opened, the same tired steps echoed in the corridor, and behind the returning Vasudeva the same silence stayed. Devaki lay with her face to the wall.

Six sons died that way. Each time Kamsa grew a little more at ease.

The seventh, which went somewhere else

Then Devaki became pregnant for the seventh time — and word soon spread from the prison that the pregnancy had been lost.

Kamsa breathed easy. But the truth was something else. The child had been mysteriously transferred to Rohini in Gokul, Vasudeva's other wife, who lived there in Nanda's village. That child came to be called Balarama — Krishna's elder brother.

Now only the eighth birth remained. Kamsa doubled the guard, had Devaki's chains tightened further, and began keeping the count himself — as though a firm grip on the number could hold death off.

Note: The scene with the voice from the sky is found in the Vishnu Purana (fifth amsha) and the Bhagavata Purana (tenth skandha) — with Kamsa driving the bridal chariot himself. The current text of the Harivamsha begins differently: there Narada comes and tells Kamsa to his face, and there is no mention of a voice from the sky in that chapter. There is a difference in the count of the murdered children too — the Bhagavata and the Vishnu Purana say six, the vulgate text of the Harivamsha seven. Both are recorded here, and neither declared "the right one". (The Harivamsha text that is easily found is the vulgate; it may differ from BORI's critical edition.)

Source: from several texts, Kamsa and the voice from the sky

Now — how much stayed with you?

Fact

What was Kamsa doing at the moment the voice came from the sky?

  • Driving Devaki's wedding chariot himself
  • He had gone out hunting
  • He was seated on the throne holding court
  • He was inspecting the prison guard
Read the whole story — News that arrived mid-chariot

The Vishnu Purana (Wilson's translation, fifth amsha, first chapter) has this scene written out plainly — the voice addresses Kamsa as "fool" and tells him that the eighth child of the girl he is carrying in his chariot will take his life.

The tenth skandha of the Bhagavata Purana also has the voice come at this same occasion.

It is this fineness of detail that makes the episode so bitter: the one bringing the news was no enemy, and Kamsa at that moment was taking part in his sister's happiness.

Who said it?

"The danger to you is not from Devaki, it is from her sons." — who put this bargain forward?

  • Vasudeva
  • Narada
  • Kamsa himself
  • Devaki
Read the whole story — A terrible promise

Vasudeva had no time to argue — the sword was already up. He offered the one thing Kamsa actually needed: protection from the prophecy, without killing his sister.

Keeping that promise cost him years. He handed the first child to Kamsa with his own hands.

The Bhagavata treats this keeping of the word as the hardest test of Vasudeva's character.

The texts disagree

How did Kamsa get the news of his own death?

  • From the voice in the sky, in every text
  • The texts say different things
  • Only in a dream
  • Astrologers read his chart and told him
Read the whole story — Two different beginnings

In the Vishnu Purana and the Bhagavata Purana the news comes from a bodiless voice — in the middle of a wedding send-off, on a crowded road.

In the current (vulgate) text of the Harivamsha the beginning itself is different: its very first chapter is titled for Narada giving Kamsa the news of his death. Narada comes to Mathura, meets Kamsa in a garden, and says to his face that his end will come from Devaki's eighth pregnancy.

Which is to say that "how Kamsa found out" has two stories running side by side in tradition, not one.

A caution: the Harivamsha text that is easily available is the vulgate, not BORI's critical edition. Whether the critical text has this same sequence is a separate thing to check.

Fact

According to the Bhagavata and the Vishnu Purana, how many of Devaki's children did Kamsa kill before Krishna?

  • Eight
  • Six
  • Seven
  • Four
Read the whole story — Six, or seven?

The Bhagavata Purana and the Vishnu Purana agree on six, and the whole count that follows rests on it — the seventh Balarama, the eighth Krishna.

In the fourth chapter of the vulgate Harivamsha it is written that before the eighth pregnancy Kamsa had already killed seven of Devaki's children.

This small disagreement shows that these stories were not written in one office. Different times, different hands, and a difference even in the counting.

Who am I?

I am the seventh pregnancy. Kamsa was told I had been lost, but I was born somewhere else. Who am I?

  • Balarama
  • Krishna
  • Akrura
  • Uddhava
Read the whole story — The pregnancy that changed places

In the Bhagavata Purana this is Yogamaya's doing — the seventh pregnancy is taken out of Devaki and placed in Rohini's womb.

Rohini was Vasudeva's other wife and was living at Nanda's house in Gokul, so the child was born beyond Mathura's reach.

The word outside was that the pregnancy had been lost. Kamsa stopped worrying, and one danger began growing up quietly in Gokul.

The name "Sankarshana" is said to come from this drawing across.

Why is that?

Why did Kamsa accept Vasudeva's bargain instead of killing Devaki?

  • Because the voice from the sky had told him to
  • Because Vasudeva was stronger than he was
  • Because he loved his sister so much that he softened
  • Because the bargain got his work done and left him unaccused of killing his sister
Read the whole story — A murderer's arithmetic

Vasudeva argued not from feeling but from arithmetic — the prophecy was about sons, so stopping the sons was enough.

For Kamsa the bargain was cheap in every direction: no sister's blood on a crowded road, and the danger held off all the same.

That one bargain became the frame of the whole story that follows — a prison, and the same door at every birth.

Riddle

I had no body and no face. I said one single sentence on a crowded road, and that one sentence kept a king frightened for years. What am I?

  • Narada's warning
  • The voice from the sky
  • Vasudeva's promise
  • Devaki's prayer
Read the whole story — A voice without a body

Akashvani means a voice that comes from the sky — no speaker is visible, only the sentence is heard.

This device returns again and again in Indian stories, and its power is exactly that it cannot be argued with. It cannot be seen, and it cannot be questioned.

Kamsa's whole life afterwards was spent around that one sentence — the guards, the counting, and in the end exactly what had been said.

What happened?

What was Kamsa told about the seventh pregnancy?

  • That a girl had been born
  • That Devaki was ill
  • That the pregnancy had been lost
  • That the child was stillborn
Read the whole story — The word that went out

The story keeps two things apart: what happened inside the prison, and what was said outside.

For Kamsa this was one danger fewer — the seventh name was struck off his count.

In fact that seventh child grew up in Gokul and later stood in the arena at Mathura, facing Kamsa's wrestlers.

Fact

Who was the seventh pregnancy carried to?

  • Kunti
  • Satyabhama
  • Yashoda
  • Rohini
Read the whole story — Who Rohini was

Rohini was Vasudeva's wife, but she was living at Nanda's house in Gokul, away from Mathura's danger.

This is why Balarama is both Krishna's elder brother and the boy who grew up beside him in Gokul — two children of one father, by different mothers.

In the story that follows, Balarama is beside Krishna at nearly every turn — except on the day of Kaliya.

Put it in order

Which is the correct order of events?

  • Prison → six sons → the voice from the sky → the seventh pregnancy
  • The voice from the sky → prison → the wedding → six sons
  • The wedding send-off → the voice from the sky → Vasudeva's bargain → prison → six sons → the seventh pregnancy to Rohini
  • Vasudeva's bargain → the voice from the sky → the wedding → prison
Read the whole story — A story that began with one sentence

The whole kanda runs on a single sentence. Before it Kamsa was only a powerful king; after it he became a frightened man who keeps count.

What is worth noticing is that the prophecy did not stop Kamsa — it did the opposite, and forced him into everything that brought about his end.

This shape returns again and again in the storytelling tradition: the attempt to escape becomes the road that arrives at the very same end.